Furthermore, as noted above, its buildings seem to have been in such poor condition that the hospital was probably unable to attract many private, paying, patients. In 1800, Dr. J.J. Gireaud published a formula that he believed both prevented and cured yellow fever. To learn more about Spring Grove and its history, visit the According to the brief history written in 1843, after completion of the expansions that were overseen by Drs. These numbers represent a substantial reduction in the patient population, as compared to the above figures from around 1817. This accusation was made in the literary work, Find directions at US News . At the time, most of Maryland's seriously mentally ill, as well as those persons who were referred to as 'inebriates' (alcoholics) or as being 'feeble-minded' (mentally retarded), were kept in local jails and almshouses -- if they were poor or indigent, or were not able to be cared for at home. The 'lodges' themselves, two of which are still standing (see There is some evidence that the original (1798) building may have been oriented towards Market St. (Broadway), but it was situated on open land, far back from road -- and the closest street was the Old Road to Philadelphia, to its north. One of the conditions of the lease was that 'the building be exclusively appropriated as a Hospital for the insane, and diseased persons of every description.' The The newly conceived hospital represented the first organized public effort in Maryland to address the mental health (as well as the general medical) needs of the poor and indigent through the establishment of a hospital. extensive 'bad press' in the local media, the legislature revamped the state mental hospital system (Acts of 1949). National Human Trafficking Hotline - 24/7 Confidential. 1) Hager House, Hagerstown. Then, in 1918, the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, in recognition of the impending need for a facility in which to treat mentally ill World War I veterans, urged the Maryland Council of Defense to appropriate By way of contrast, the newspaper accounts also pointed to what was considered to have been the pleasant, healthful and therapeutic conditions at the two State psychiatric hospitals in Maryland (Spring Grove and Springfield). Timothy Learys got nothing on Baltimore! We are located in Catonsville, previously named by Money Magazine as one the best places to live! In order to be honored with this local certification, the RN must have worked in psychiatric nursing at least one year, receive at least a 'meets standards' on . Other sources suggest that the new building may not have been completed until two years later, in 1800. Smythe and Mackenzie -- on the condition that they complete the addition of the 'Centre Building,' which, it should be noted, was not a separate building, but, instead, a new component of a single larger structure. The 1843 report specifically mentions the fact that the new structure was erected in the same location as the original building. The Main Building had a Founded in 1797, it is the second oldest continuously operating psychiatric hospital in the country. Records indicate that the Catonsville facility was originally intended to house 200-250patients (Acts of 1852), but, by the time of its completion, it was said to have been able to comfortably accommodate a maximum of 325. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Known collectively as the Commissioners for Erecting a Hospital for the Insane, the group was n headed by Dr. Richard Sprigg-Steuart. At least one of the early Spring Grove structures, the As noted above, the release of the property to Mr. Hopkins was subject to the completion of the new facility at the Spring Grove site and the removal of the patients. However, what had once been the Main Building's powerhouse and gas works, a building that was built at the same time and was originally adjacent to, but not part of, the Main building survives today as what is known as the However, it is most probably a newly-built building that was constructed in 1798 and opened that same year to house what would eventually become 'Spring Grove Hospital Center.'. This newer system allowed for greater flexibility in terms of grouping patients by diagnosis and level of functioning, and it also tended to make expansion and future growth easier. Psychiatric hospitals do still exist, but long-term health care for mentally ill patients is very limited. The Main Building stood on the lot across the street from the current Spring Grove Administration Building, and extended north to beyond where the Jamison Building stands today. The Maryland Infirmary [later known as the University of Maryland Hospital], founded by the College of Medicine's faculty, was not established until 1823. I was working in the NICU which happened to also be on the fourth floor but on the opposite side. In 1834 the institution was officially renamed 'The Maryland Hospital,' a name that, evidently, had been in use since 1826. It was located northeast of the White Building, near what is today a wooded area, The Nation's 2nd Oldest Psychiatric Hospital, Patient Care and Treatment in the Early Years, Dorothea Dix -- An Impassioned Plea (1852), Construction of the New Site At Spring Grove (1853), The Baltimore Hospital is Sold to Johns Hopkins (1871), Completion of the Catonsville Site (1872), The Maryland Hospital at Spring Grove -- The Early Days, Springfield State Hospital is Built (1896), African-American Patients at Spring Grove, World War I -- And Spring Grove in the Early 20th Century, Spring Grove Continues to Expand (1920s - 1950s), Maryland's Shame and a Period of Reconfiguration, Spring Grove is the Nation's Second Oldest Psychiatric Hospital, Privatization of the Hospital Management in the Early 1800s, The State of Maryland Assumes Full Governance, Patient Care and Treatment in the Early Days, The Cornets: or the Hypocrisy of the Sisters of Charity Unveiled, Construction of the New Site at Spring Grove Begins -- The Civil War, The Baltimore Property is Sold to Johns Hopkins, Completion of the Catonsville Site -- 1872, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/index.html, The Maryland Hospital for the Insane at Spring Grove in Its First Years, Moral Management and Other Treatments in the Late 1800s, Click here to take a 'virtual' tour of the main building, A Second State Psychiatric Hospital is Built, Women's Convalescent Cottages ('Stone Cottage' Group), The Inebriate Asylum at Spring Grove (1870). Nucis Vomicae, from the seeds of an East Indian tree, is said to stimulate appetite and aid digestion. It should be noted that some of the patients at Spring Grove during the first half of the twentieth century did not suffer from what would necessarily be considered mental illnesses today. But the biggest problem turned out to have been the above-noted problem with the facility's sewage disposal system. (It should be noted that locked door seclusion was still permitted, and reports from the period indicate that, usually, one or two patients were 'confined' to their rooms at any given time. The commissioners acted quickly. This volume will reveal through a broad array of poignant historic images the extensive, complex, and fascinating history of Maryland's oldest hospital. Also in 1896, Dr. Wade wrote: 'The building proper and all the [outbuildings], with the exception of the cottages [dwellings], will be illuminated. The facility was often referred to in documents from this period as 'The Maryland Hospital for the Insane, at Spring Grove,' 'The Spring Grove Asylum,' or, just as it is today, simply 'Spring Grove. For example, he reportedly donated billiards tables in the years 1863 and 1879. The Dairy House survived on the campus of Spring Grove until the early 1990s when it burned to the ground in a fire that may have been set by an arsonist. Steuart's building (known at various times as "The Main Building", "The Center Building" or "The Administration Building,") remained the main hospital facility for almost 100 years. Various improvements were made to the Maryland Hospital during the 1850s and 1860s. However, several annual reports from the end of the 19th-century They were initially a place of healing for Native Americans until the settlers came along and built a hotel on the land in the 1840s. The State of Maryland pledges to provide constituents, businesses, customers, and stakeholders with friendly and courteous, timely and responsive, accurate and consistent, accessible and convenient, and truthful and transparent services. An early history of the hospital notes that the property occupied by the Retreat was purchased from Captain Yellott on May 18, 1798 for $800. Of note is the fact that the referenced portion of the west wing was the structure that had been the original, c. 1798 building. The Pennhurst haunted asylum is Pennsylvania's newest and best destination haunted house! Accordingly, hospital authorities encouraged patients to spend their time enjoying the fresh air and park-like setting of the hospital grounds. Provision should be made for them, without delay, by building a separate accommodation for them in connection with a hospital for the insane. In addition to his abolition of the use of mechanical restraints, Dr. Gundry fenced the Hospital's grounds and opened them to regular access by the majority of the patients. Between 1798 and 1807, according to at least one source, Captain Yellott and his associates may have continued to manage the hospital, under an agreement with the City of Baltimore. One of the structures that had been part of Sunnyside Farm when it was purchased by Spring Grove was a building that became known as 'The Dairy House.' pressure on the upper floors was poor or non-existent, and, evidently, there were no 'water closets' (toilets) at all in the center section of the building. However, problems with the plumbing became apparent almost immediately. Spring Grove Hospital Center was founded in 1797 and is the second oldest psychiatric hospital in the United States. South Carolina Statehouse in Columbia, SC. In 2013, a consultant for the state health department documented serious assaults on hospital staff members at the Spring Grove Hospital Center in Catonsville, and two patients were killed by . (The assertion that the Inebriate Asylums patients would be the Main Building's 'first occupants' seems to contradict the reports that the building had already been used for patient care as a military hospital during the Civil War.) Originally, the hospital used the Sunnyside property as its main farmland.However, the demands of the growing hospital were such that within the next ten years it began to further expand its farmland by purchasing much larger tracks of land south of Wilkens Avenue, where the University of Maryland Baltimore County is located today. The Dairy House survived on the campus of Spring Grove until the early 1990s when it burned to the ground in a fire that may have been set by an arsonist. Founded in 1797 as a general medical and psychiatric retreat, Spring Grove Mental Hospital is the second oldest continuously operating psychiatric hospital in the United States. This, in turn, caused the sewage to back up and pool in the stream's bed. However, the State of Maryland did continue to exert some control over the hospital -- for example by making certain appointments to its board of directors. Enoch Pratt was among the distinguished local citizens who were affiliated with the Maryland Hospital in its early days. On our tour, well see the remnants of the oldest building on campus, industrial structures from the 1930s, plus a barely noticeable cemetery. ], Erotomania [Masturbation was thought to be the cause of mental illness in about 8% of the admissions], Cloves, macerated into a coarse powder --30parts, Cinnamon, macerated into a coarse powder --30 parts. On December 24, 1808 Maryland's legislative body, the General Assembly, passed an act which authorized a lottery to raise sums of up to $40,000 for improvement and expansion of the existing hospital building. Main Building (1853) had been built in accordance with the previous era's 'Kirkbride' plan of institutional design -- a plan that led to the construction of hospitals that consisted essentially of a single, imposing, often immense, even monolithic building. Higher functioning or 'convalescent' patients were placed on the units that were closest to the center section of building in each wing. Over the years, the hospital's land holdings were expanded considerably, so that, eventually, its grounds covered an area that today is roughly bordered by the present Monument St. to the north; Broadway (formerly Market St.) to the west; Jefferson St. to the south; and Wolfe St. to the east. In any case, the arrangement for gratuitous physician coverage lasted only about one year. Records from the period indicate that by 1861 the 'center building' (the central section of the new hospital building) was raised to the second floor, and the foundation of the South Wing (the section to the left in the above drawing) had already been laid. It should be noted that according to oral tradition, not all African-American patients were transferred to Crownsville in between 1911 and 1913; evidently certain patients remained at Spring Grove because they held unique or indispensable work-skills. (Note: The Dix and Noyes Buildings, also in the Preston Complex, were built in 1969.) However, it probably would not have been considered to have been a hospital. For example, he served as one of a series of principal architects who were responsible for the design of the Although the general location of the Retreat is known, the exact location of the structure that housed the facility has not been established. Occasionally, even to this day, small subterranean sections of the remains of the Main Building, such as portions of its air shafts or basement rooms, will collapse and cause slight indentations to appear on the surface a subtle reminder, perhaps, that the Main Building hasn't passed entirely from our midst. Although chartered and owned by the State, and at least partially supported by State funds from the beginning, the facility was originally overseen primarily by the mayor and city council of Baltimore. Some sources indicate that a dedicated building was erected specifically for the purpose by Captain Yellott in 1794. In a manner perhaps consistent with modern industry practices, the annual reports from the early 1840s seemed to have painted a somewhat misleadingly rosy picture of life at the institution. (Mr. Dayhoff's primary role with the hospital at the time was as the 'Director of Amusements' -- a title that placed him in charge of what today would be called activity therapy. Physostigmine are used today in medications to reduce intestinal spasm and give tone to relaxed muscular walls of the stomach and bowels. There is also evidence that, at least initially, Hopkins was quite reluctant to do so. According to a number of sources, the disagreement was over the fact that the Sisters refused to recognize that the decisions of the hospital's physicians were 'supreme' in all clinical and administrative matters. The property was located east of Market Street (later, Broadway), on a road known at various times as the 'Old Road to Philadelphia' and 'the (Old) Joppa Road.' An annual report published in December 1877 (five years after the new facility opened at Spring Grove) notes that as of that time, the Maryland Hospital for the Insane at Spring Grove was treating 18 African-American patients, and by1896 it was caring for 45 African-American patients (24 male and 21 female).. Installation of the Hospital's 'Electric Light Plant' (a steam-powered electric generator) was begun in 1896 and was completed in the following year. It is too old and dilapidated, and will require too large a yearly outlay to keep it up. However, it does seem reasonable to assume that, if it survived, it may have eventually become one of the hospital's outbuildings. The hospital is now officially known as Spring Grove Hospital Center (renamed in 1973) and under the governance of the Mental Hygiene Administration, the facility operates 330 beds and provides advanced inpatient psychiatric services to approximately 1000 patients every year. UMBC Campus Map.) In any event, the Hospital's Annual Report, dated January 1870, indicates that the debt hadn't been paid -- and seems to suggest that there was no expectation that it would be. Today, the hospital operates 425 beds [1] and has approximately 800 admissions and discharges a year. For example, records indicate that during the yellow fever epidemic of 1819, 145 yellow fever 'victims' were admitted to the City Hospital of Baltimore (the then contemporary name for Spring Grove), 85 of whom died. In what may have been an early example of a bureaucratic 'end run,' the managers mortgaged the hospital to private lenders for $150,000 in 1874 -- just two years after the hospital was finished. Most people are astonished to learn that the Maryland State hospital system was not officially desegregated until 1963. Service lines include adult and adolescent acute psychiatric admissions, long term inpatient care, medical-psychiatric hospitalization, forensic evaluation services, inpatient psychiatric research, and assisted living services. The men's industrial shop produced durable goods such as trousers, coats, vests, overalls, boots, shoes, wicker settees and other pieces of furniture, brooms, baskets and tents. His heirs founded the Gundry Hospital, a nearby facility that provided inpatient psychiatric treatment to women. Their efforts were rewarded when, on November 2, 1797 (Spring Grove's official 'birthday'), the Legislature passed an act to authorize the erection of the facility. The wiring will be in molding (sic), instead of concealed work, which will greatly facilitate access in case of accident. The State also maintained ownership. Construction of the Johns Hopkins Hospital buildings, including its trademark domed Administration Building, did not begin at the site until 1877 and was not completed for an additional 12-years.A $3.5 million endowment for what was to become the Johns Hopkins Hospital had been provided in Mr. Hopkins' will. The Commission inspected public and private institutions for the insane and advised their boards of managers. The lights have been attached to the present gas fixtures, with the addition of some new fixtures. The university's retiring president . Private patients typically paid between three and five dollars a week ($150 and $260 per year) and this helped defray the costs of caring for the public patients. Smyth and Mackenzie) The Maryland Board of Public Works on Wednesday approved the sale of the Spring Grove Hospital Center's 175-acre campus in Catonsville to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County for a nominal $1, despite concerns from mental health groups that the state lacks detailed plans to replace services provided by the centuries-old psychiatric facility. According to the Maryland Hospital's Annual Report for 1872 and 1873, when the hospital sold its property in Baltimore to Johns Hopkins in 1870 it owed $120,439.73 on past-due invoices for Spring Grove-related constructions costs. Furthermore, records from the period indicate that many, if not most, patients were routinely locked in their bedrooms at night while the nurses and everyone else, other than the men and women who served night as watchmen, slept.). Spring Grove Hospital Center was founded in 1797 and is the second oldest psychiatric hospital in the United States (The oldest being Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia, which was founded in 1773). The property purchased from Captain Yellott in 1798 included a tract of six and three-quarters acres of land at the crown of what was then called Loudenschlager's Hill. Guests say she opens their drawers and removes the clothing from them. Baltimore's Almshouse, the predecessor of the present-day Hopkins Bay View Hospital, was established in 1773. By the 1850s, Baltimore had expanded and the Maryland Hospital, which originally had been in a rural setting, found itself surrounded by the growing city. We travel to different venues and event spaces to host parties and private functions. To learn more, visit their website. However, other reports indicate that many, or even most, patients were kept in 'strict confinement' -- either in individual 'cells' or behind the hospital's high walls. This evidently inflated estimate may have been made in the face of the fact that in 1856 consideration was being given to the possibility of selling the property -- and the Board of Visitors may have been attempting to make it appear that the site was more valuable than it actually was. It is impossible to provide for this class of insane in State Hospital without associating them with the white patients. In the following year, 1871, the General Assembly did pass a law that provided Mr. Hopkins with the protection that he requested, on the condition that the property be used as a hospital and for no other purpose. community-based housing and outpatient services. The Hospital opened a school for Practical Nursing on October 4, 1929. Pennhurst State School and Hospital, Spring City Pennhurst State School was in operation for around fifty years during the first half of the 20 th century. As noted above, a report of 1843 says that the cost had been $154,000. By the 1890s land in Catonsville had become quite expensive, and although additional land was purchased by Spring Grove in the decades that followed, it was clear that if the State wanted to substantially and rapidly increase the number of its available public psychiatric hospital beds -- while preserving the largely self-sustaining farm model -- it would need to purchase a single, large parcel of land in a setting where property values were significantly lower than they were in Catonsville. The various buildings in the However, the proposal was abandoned after it was realized that the it would be impractical to try to expand at the current site -- primarily because there wasn't enough land to support a larger hospital (and farm). One historic source suggests that that early references to the erection of the 'new hospital' in 1798 actually refer to the expansion of the original, circa 1794, building -- through the addition of an annex to, or other upgrade of, the original structure. The Main Building was designed in accordance with the Kirkbride Plan, which called for a monumental center section, and two large wings one for male patients and one for females patients. The 1836 report does indicate that the facility was clean, and that the patients were generally well cared for. The central section of the building, referred to in early records as the "Centre Building," included administrative offices and other central elements such as the kitchen and the Amusement Hall. Dr. James Smythe died in 1819, and Dr. Colin Mackenzie in 1827. Cascara Cordial was a mild laxative. Dorothea Dix, the outspoken advocate and crusader for the mentally ill, pointed to the inadequacy of the bed capacity of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane in her 1852 impassioned address before the Maryland General Assembly. floor plans of the building, c.1853, indicate that indoor plumbing and 'water closets' (flushing toilets) were part of the original design. However, it may have been that by 1834 conditions at the hospital were such that it was unable to attract many private patients.) The presence of an abundance of mosquito-breeding wetlands in the environs and a generally warm climate led to a number of Yellow Fever Epidemics at the turn of the nineteenth century - and the decision to construct a public hospital was clearly partially related to this circumstance. These were the so-called 'back wards.'. Spring Grove Hospital Center is a 397 -bed complex that provides a broad spectrum of inpatient psychiatric services to adults and adolescents, as well as comprehensive psychiatric services to adults. With considerable opposition, Dr. Gundry discontinued the use of all mechanical restraints, thereby making the Maryland Hospital at Spring Grove one of the first, if not the first hospital in the United States to discontinue the practice. And there is again a psychiatric illness research facility in the same building where the LSD experiments once occurred. articles manufactured and 18,579 items repaired by patients. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the hospital expanded its land holdings and constructed new buildings. (The Pennsylvania Hospital did operate a free-standing affiliated psychiatric institute, the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, which was opened in 1841 and which closed in 1997.). Preserving and promoting Baltimore's historic buildings and neighborhoods. Another report, written in 1947 and entitled, 'The History of Spring Grove State Hospital', says very little about the Retreat, but seems to condemn it through an unexplained passage (presumably taken from an unidentified earlier publication) that reads: '[The Retreat] suffered various vicissitudes during its career, and its success was far from flattering.'. )The term 'idiocy,' not unlike terms such as moron, imbecile and lunatic, did not have the pejorative meaning in 1844 that it does today. the western most section of the hospital's west wing, was demolished and rebuilt. One of the structures that had been part of Sunnyside Farm when it was purchased by Spring Grove was a building that became known as 'The Dairy House.' Furthermore, any renewal of the lease was subject to the execution of a commitment by Drs. The property was sold to Johns Hopkins, after whom the hospital and university have been named, and proceeds of the sale were then applied to the construction costs of the new hospital at Spring Grove. Rehabilitation Building (a portion of which is also known as the 'Rush Building,' and now the headquarters of the Alcohol and Drug At its peak, the hospital had 616 acres, most of which was under cultivation. Join us for a walk around the Spring Grove Hospital Center campus to see this partially abandoned historic facility where, among other things, the first and longest government-run psychedelic drug research program took place. The hospital's orchards yielded more than 100 bushels of apples, cherries, pears and peaches every year. Furthermore, it was not specifically designated to treat psychiatric patients and it was not publicly funded or operated (although it seems that it did accept indigent patients). As might be guessed, this heating system quickly proved to be inadequate and the upper floors in this very large four-story building were reportedly always cold in the winter. (The Pennsylvania Hospital did operate a free-standing affiliated psychiatric institute, the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, which was opened in 1841 and which closed in 1997. Contemporary references to the demolition of the 'original hospital' in the late 1830s are confusing in that the 1839 demolition of the 'original hospital' referred only to the demolition and replacement of just that portion of the west wing that had been the original hospital building in 1798. It seems clear that it must have always been Captain Yellott's intent to convince the State and local governments to aid him in his efforts to build a larger hospital to replace his Retreat. The property, itself, has greatly enhanced in value, and can be sold for more than the land and improvements have cost the State, (from is commencement in 1797,) by which means, the treasury may be protected from the future cost of the completion of the new Asylum, now under construction, by Commissioners, who have that work in hand, and from whom we learn, the work may be regarded as one half completed and capable of full completion in one year, if appropriations are sufficiently large, and made at an early date. On November 30, 1857 there were 153 patients (80 males and 73 females) at the Maryland Hospital; of these, 88 were private (paying) patients, and 65 were public patients. May 15, 2022 at 5:11 p.m. EDT. Male patients resided on the north wing of the building (known as the 'Male Department) and female patient were housed in the south wing (known as the 'Female Department.') Andrew Allferls/Flickr. A number of other remedies were considered, including the pumping of the raw sewage to the Patapsco River, but it wasn't until 1893 that a satisfactory solution was actually reached. The Red Brick Apartments were constructed in 1951, and the (See below. [4], The cost of purchasing 136 acres (55ha) of land for the hospital was $14,000, of which $12,340 was raised through private contributions. In addition, Spring Grove's staffing levels were somewhat lower than the other Maryland state hospitals, a circumstance that may have been partially attributable to the decision of the hospital not to use conscientious objectors as staff members during the labor shortages of WWII. X. . Not only was the hospital that was eventually to become Spring Grove the third such institution in the country, it was also the very first public hospital of any kind in Maryland. However, as seen in the hospital's annual reports, a wide variety of other articles were also produced. 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