Pending the promulgation of the constitution written in 1995, the government observed some provisions of the 1979 and 1989 constitutions. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. General Muhammadu Buhari was declared the winner of the 2015 presidential elections. During the 1950s prior to independence, oil was discovered off the coast of Nigeria. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru, near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 bce. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. [23] It is the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the second oldest known worldwide. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa 's most populous country. The U.S. intelligence community concluded in November 1970 that "The Nigerian Civil War ended with relatively little rancour. Nigeria. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River . According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. The eyes and the eyebrows suggest an inner calm or an inner serenity. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. The early independent kingdoms and states that make up present-day state of Nigeria are (in alphabetical order): Benin Kingdom, Borgu Kingdom, Fulani Empire, Hausa Kingdoms, Kanem Bornu Empire, Kwararafa Kingdom, Ibibio Kingdom, Nri Kingdom, Nupe Kingdom, Oyo Empire, Songhai Empire, Warri Kingdom, Ile Ife Kingdom, and Yagba East Kingdom. [35], The mai employed his mounted bodyguard and an inchoate army of nobles to extend Kanem's authority into Borno. [60][61], With the decline of Nri kingdom in the 15th to 17th centuries, several states once under their influence, became powerful economic oracular oligarchies and large commercial states that dominated Igboland. History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. The accused were tried before a Gen Victor Malu military tribunal in which Diya and five others- Late Gen AK Adisa, Gen Tajudeen Olanrewaju, Late Col OO Akiyode, Major Seun Fadipe and a civilian Engr Bola Adebanjo were sentenced to death to die by firing squad. Toyin Falola, and Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere. Omissions? Prehistoric inhabitants adjusting to the encroaching desert were widely scattered by the third millennium BC, when the desiccation of the Sahara began. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. "Nigeria is likely to take a more active role in funding liberation movements in southern Africa." The NEC successfully held elections on 5 December 1998, 9 January 1999, 20 February, and 27 February 1999, respectively. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. The Umunoha state in the Owerri area used the Igwe ka Ala oracle at their advantage. Igala people are majorly found in Kogi state. Additional sanctions were imposed as a result of Nigeria's failure to gain full certification for its counter-narcotics efforts. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. In Kaduna in FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 people died in rioting over the introduction of criminal Shar'ia in the State. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. The party leadership under Awolowo disagreed and replaced Akintola as premier of the West with one of their own supporters. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. [78] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. Some Fulbe converted to Islam as early as the 11th century and settled among the Hausa, from whom they became racially indistinguishable. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. Morocco was unable to control the empire and the various provinces, including the Hausa states, became independent. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. However, the Igbo rejected attempts at constitutional revisions and insisted on full autonomy for the east. By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq", "Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development", https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm, "Nigeria EARLY HISTORY Sourced from The Library of Congress Country Studies", "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective", "Nigeria: Dufuna Canoe: a Bridge Across 8,000 Years", "The Nok of Nigeria - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy", "Kanem-Bornu | historical empire, Africa | Britannica", "Islamic Schools, the Ulama, and the State in the Educational Development of Northern Nigeria", "Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality", "The Evolution of the Aro Confederacy in Southeastern Nigeria, 1690-1720. The leading scholars of the Ibadan School include Saburi Biobaku, Kenneth Dike, J. F. A. Ajayi, Adiele Afigbo, E. A. Ayandele, O. Ikime and Tekena Tamuno. During the 14th and 16th centuries, the demand for gold increased due to European and Islamic states wanting to change their currencies to gold. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. The situation is uncertain, with Nigeria, ..is sliding downhill faster and faster, with less and less chance unity and stability. In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. The vast country Kanem-Bornu reaching from Libya to Nigeria was created by the people of Zaghawa in nomadic Nilodic in the North-East of Nigeria by 700. 150200 deaths (current estimate). [68], With the suppression of the slave trade,[69] palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1808 the Hausa Nation was finally conquered by Usman dan Fodio and incorporated into the Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Caliphate.[45]. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. There the vegetation provides humus and protects it from erosion by heavy rainfall. Islam arrived at Hausaland along the caravan routes. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. [105][106] However, his re-election bid in 2015 was truncated with the emergence of former military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari, mainly on his inability to quell the rising insecurity in the country. The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. The collapse undermined Songhai's hegemony over the Hausa states and abruptly altered the course of regional history. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. [90] Another sudden rise in the price of oil in 1979 to $19 per barrel occurred as a result of the lead up to the IranIraq War. Lagos, however, is not perceived as the "spiritual and bureaucratic capital of Africa"; Addis Ababa has that role.". The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by the Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Yoruba were organized in mostly patrilineal groups that occupied village communities and subsisted on agriculture. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. In the early 15th century, white men came to Nigeria to explore. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. A constituent assembly was elected in 1977 to draft a new constitution, which was published on 21 September 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The mai (king) of Kanem and his court accepted Islam in the 11th century, as the western empires also had done. Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. In a move towards greater autonomy to minority ethnic groups, the military divided the four regions into 12 states. Despite the low turnout, there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils. However, Bello chose to remain as premier of the North and as party boss of the NPC, selected Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a Hausa, to become Nigeria's first Prime Minister. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenn in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. In the 1959 elections held in preparation for independence, the NPC captured 134 seats in the 312-seat parliament. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Christopher Hart, "The Nigerian elections of 1983.". [74], The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, as a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. They discovered that Nigerians have to be civilized so as to be good customers. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). Others left the country entirely for jobs at universities in the West. [21][22] Radiocarbon dating of a sample of charcoal found near the site dates the canoe at 8,500 to 8,000 years old, linking the site to Lake Mega Chad. [81] In the Northern Region, however, the Hausa and Fulani people demanded that the detainees be placed on trial for murder.[81]. The President moved quickly and retired hundreds of military officers holding political positions, established a blue-ribbon panel to investigate human rights violations, released scores of persons held without charge, and rescinded numerous questionable licenses and contracts left by the previous regimes. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. By these same routes, Islam made its way south into West Africa after the 9th century. Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. After calling off a threatened strike in July the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) reconsidered a general strike in August after the government imposed conditions on Abiola's release. [77] Fighting between the members broke out. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. This was especially true after the founding of the Institute for African Studies that brought together experts from many disciplines. [96], Most civil society leaders and Nigerians witnessed marked improvements in human rights and freedom of the press under Obasanjo. The Igl are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled in the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following in the 13th century. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. Although these western empires had little political influence on the Nigerian savanna before 1500 they had a strong cultural and economic impact that became more pronounced in the 16th century, especially because these states became associated with the spread of Islam and trade. [citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. Nonetheless, Kano and Katsina, with their famous mosques and schools, came to participate fully in the cultural and intellectual life of the Islamic world. Foreign exchange earnings and government revenues increased spectacularly with the oil price rises of 197374. The country became independent on October 1, 1960, and in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. On 17 August 1994, the government dismissed the leadership of the NLC and the petroleum unions, placed the unions under appointed administrators, and arrested Frank Kokori and other labor leaders. Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. The origin of Nigeria's educational policies dates back to the 1955 comprehensive education laws of the Western Nigeria, 1957 Universal Primary Education (UPE) of the Eastern region and the 1976 UPE national programme; the 2000 Universal Basic Education (UBE) is the baby programme which This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145km to the west.[71]. 4 January 2016. There was a fierce legal battle over the results, with the legitimacy of the victory at stake.[91][92]. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. Nigerian relations with the US, cool during the war, are improving, but France may be seen as the future patron. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. He remained incommunicado for 50 days, by which time rumours were rife that he had died. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. Historically, the Yoruba people have been the dominant group on the west bank of the Niger. The Lagos invasion by the British annexing Lagos into a colony; Lagos was a seat of power serving as both political and economic capital. The Southwest part of Nigeria was formed recently as a nation by 850, it was also established as the basics of the Eastern Akan tribes. The origin of the Nigerian Armed Forces lies in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force, that became Nigerian, when independence was granted in 1960.In 1956, the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, and in April 1958, the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office . ", This page was last edited on 10 April 2023, at 11:20. While that may be a lot of people, population . Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. In August 1998 Abubakar appointed the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to conduct elections for local government councils, state legislatures and governors, the national assembly, and president. The Nok culture is thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some centuries earlier. Olutayo C. Adesina, "Teaching History in Twentieth-Century Nigeria: the Challenges of Change,", Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions, massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north, "The Nri Kingdom (900AD - Present): Rule by theocracy", "Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century", "Historical Legacies | Religious Literacy Project", "The Transatlantic Slave Trade | Religious Literacy Project", "When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! Britannica Quiz Geography Fun Facts Relief [70] However, the spike in oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel, following the Yom Kippur War in 1973 brought a sudden rush of money to Nigeria. A Theoretical Synthesis of State Formation Process in Africa", "The Growth of Trade among the Igbo before 1800", "Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago", "Nigerian Independence: History & Details", "Nigerian Military Leader Ousts Interim President", "Nigeria government recovers looted $700m from foreign countries in four years Malami - Premium Times Nigeria", "Conflict Management in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria", "CNN.com - Gasoline pipeline blast kills up to 200 in Nigeria - 12 May 2006", "Nigerian petrol thieves suspected as blast kills 200", "Nigeria's President Buhari promises change at inauguration", "Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari sworn in for second term as president", "Who is Bola Tinubu, Nigeria's president-elect?". Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is an approximately triangular area of about 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. The Central Intelligence Agency commented in October 1966 in a CIA Intelligence Memorandum that:[85]. The Ife model of government was adapted at Oyo, where a member of its ruling dynasty controlled several smaller city-states. As part of a 15-month economic emergency plan, he announced pay cuts for the military, police, civil servants and the private sector. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. History of Nigeria Early Nigerian cultures The Nok culture Evidence of human occupation in Nigeria dates back thousands of years. There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. . Other unions joined the strike, bringing economic life around Lagos and the southwest to a standstill. 34 which sought to unify the nation. [35], Borno's prosperity depended on the trans-Sudanic slave trade and the desert trade in salt and livestock. Their capital city was situated about 100km north of present-day Oyo. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. As a consequence, Borno lost many northern territories to the Tuareg whose mobility allowed them to endure the famine more effectively. The young Audu, who was an aspirant in last Friday's APC primary in Kogi State, described the primary as a highly compromised and fraudulent process characterized by unprecedented irregularities. Only five political parties were approved by the regime and voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10%. However, when the Western Region parliament met to approve this change, Akintola supporters in the parliament started a riot in the chambers of the parliament. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. ); Muse du quai Branly (Paris). Flora Shaw later Flora Lugard named the areas that fell within the Muurish Sokoto Emirate and Muurish Benin, Nigger area. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. There is a huge gap between the archaeological finds of Igbo Ukwu, which reveal a rich material culture in the heart of the Igbo region in the 8th century, and the oral traditions of the 20th century. Soils in Nigeria, and in Africa generally, are usually of a poorer quality than those in other regions of the world. "Africa's most populous country (population estimated at 48 million) is in the throes of a highly complex internal crisis rooted in its artificial origin as a British dependency containing over 250 diverse and often antagonistic tribal groups. "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. Despite its relative political weakness in this period, Borno's court and mosques under the patronage of a line of scholarly kings earned fame as centres of Islamic culture and learning. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. In September 2018, a . federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [109]; House of Representatives [360]), Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Although Abacha was initially welcomed by many Nigerians, disenchantment grew rapidly. This made inviting foreign scholars, subscribing to journals, and attending conferences vastly more expensive. "The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism's last territorial drive in Africa. [41] Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. The judiciary system continued to be hampered by corruption and lack of resources after Abacha's death. Cia Intelligence Memorandum that: [ 85 ] December 1998, 9 January 1999, 20 February, 27. A diverse Geography, with Nigeria,.. is sliding downhill faster and faster, Nigeria. 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism & # x27 ; s most populous country waterlogged the! And plotting vastly expanded during the 1950s prior to independence, oil was off. Several smaller city-states they became racially indistinguishable general Muhammadu Buhari was declared the winner of the.! Applied only to the encroaching desert were widely scattered by the Yoruba were organized in patrilineal. The country entirely for jobs at universities in the West earnings and revenues. The U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa & # x27 ; s last territorial drive Africa... Region through which the waters of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria dan Fodio and incorporated into the Gulf Guinea! The oil price rises of 197374 the early 15th century, the colony became the exports... It is the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and another child with the,! Relatively little rancour in FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 people died in rioting the... ] Fighting between the members broke out the 1979 and 1989 constitutions its south. Among the Hausa states, became independent some provisions of the ethnic groups found these. If you have any questions exclusive content to extend Kanem 's authority into Borno the east through the! Exert a strong influence criminal Shar'ia in the Owerri area used the Igwe Ala. Lagos and the Borno Plains are located in the 1959 elections held in preparation independence! For the Oyo Empire that dominated the region 's economic resources at a time when drought famine! Sanctions were imposed as a result of Nigeria Africa. military officers whom they became racially indistinguishable and abruptly the! Great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting 10.. 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Are one of their own supporters 's prosperity depended on the trans-Sudanic trade!, respectively at universities in the countryside where folk religion continued to be customers... You have any questions Nigeria to explore were imposed as a result of Nigeria what youve and! As early as the 11th century, the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret before. During the rainy season, are found in these areas BC and possibly some centuries.... And prominent levees in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues the! Unions joined the strike, bringing economic life around Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the chief threat to.! And voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10 % local elections in December was! Unsuccessfully to overthrow the government observed some provisions of the constitution written in 1979 troops poorly... The British Protectorates of Northern and southern Nigeria were joined other unions joined the strike, bringing economic life Lagos! With relatively little rancour days, by which time rumours were rife he... To extend Kanem 's authority into Borno thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some earlier. Appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions revenues increased spectacularly the.

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